You might not even realize it, but your dog could have giardia! Sorry to break it to you, but even if your dog’s poo is normal, they can still have an intestinal parasite. Giardia in dogs is especially well-known for this - so let’s take a deep dive into giardia!
What is Giardia?
Giardia is the most common intestinal parasite in dogs and is even more prevalent in puppies. For example, between 0.44% and 39% of shelter dogs have positive giardia test results.1 A recent study also found that over 70% of dog parks tested positive for giardia!
It's difficult to know if your dog has giardia because it's not a worm, so it's not visible to the human eye. Giardia is a protozoan, which simply means it is a single-cell organism like bacteria. It's different from bacteria because it is larger and contains more cell structures, making it more related to plants and animals.
How Do Dogs Get Giardia?
The lifecycle of giardia has two stages: trophozoites and cysts. Trophozoites are mature parasites. These live in the small intestine and multiply to develop into cysts. Cysts, the infective stage, are shed in the feces of the infected animal. These little buggers are robust and can survive for several months in the environment! They especially enjoy damp conditions, particularly water sources.
Dogs can become infected by eating or sniffing the cyst stage of the parasite. The cysts may be ingested through fecal-contaminated water or food. It may even be spread when dogs groom fur contaminated with feces. Giardia is especially common in doggie daycares, boarding facilities, and dog parks.
If your dog is susceptible to giardia, the cyst will develop into a trophozoite within the intestines. If large numbers are present, damage to the intestines may lead to clinical signs.
Clinical Signs of Giardia in Dogs
- Many dogs may never show signs of infection!
- Diarrhea: may be intermittent, acute or chronic
- Weight loss
- Failure to gain weight
- Vomiting
- Dehydration
- Poor coat appearance
Although giardia doesn't always cause problems, when it does, it can lead to serious illness. It affects your pet's ability to absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes, which may lead to diarrhea. Puppies, senior dogs, or dogs with weak immune systems are most susceptible to severe infection. In these pets, giardia can lead to severe weight loss and sometimes can be fatal in extreme cases.3
Diagnosing Giardia in Dogs
Diagnosing and treating giardia is a challenging feat because cysts aren't shed in every stool. So, dogs can have giardia-free stool samples even though they are infected. This is because the trophozoites can die off after 30 minutes of defecation. Because giardia is difficult to detect, your vet may ask for fresh stool samples over 5-7 days to confirm giardia infection. The fecal sample should be fresh (not refrigerated) and recently collected to prevent death or distortion of giardia.
There are a few tests that can be performed to detect giardia. Giardia is undetectable by standard fecal floats, so zinc sulfate solutions are used instead. Zinc sulfate has a lower specific gravity than the sugar solution used in worm detection. This test allows the heavy giardia cysts to rise to the top for an accurate diagnosis. Your vet may also recommend tests that look for giardia-specific antigens (proteins).4
Treatment of Giardia
If your dog has diarrhea, it is always best to call your veterinarian. Depending on the severity of your pet's clinical signs, the veterinarian will likely perform a thorough exam and recommend fecal tests.
There is currently no FDA-approved treatment for giardia treatment in dogs. A common veterinary remedy is the off-label prescription of metronidazole for giardia in dogs for 5-8 days, but this treatment has 50% efficacy.5 Your veterinarian may also recommend using Drontal Plus® for 3 days or Panacur® for 3-5 days.6 In more severe cases, your pooch might need fluid therapy if they are dehydrated or have extreme diarrhea.
When Giardia cysts are found in the stool of healthy pets without signs of disease, it is often considered a transient finding. Since medications like metronidazole can cause side effects and disrupt the normal gut flora, treatment in these cases can be controversial. Also, more than 65% of dogs that were treated for giardia were still positive after treatment. But, it isn't known how long Giardia antigens survive in feces after treatment. Overall, many vets agree that dogs should not be treated with more than two courses of medication if it is unsuccessful.1
There are options for a more natural approach to treatment, particularly in animals without clinical signs. Probiotics may help by limiting giardia's ability to attach to the intestines.7 They also can help stimulate the immune response. There are natural probiotics, like fermented veggies or ready-made supplements. Lower fat, higher fiber diets can also help control clinical signs of giardia because they are easily digestible. Higher fiber has also been found to help clear giardia in lab animals so may help in our pets as well.8
In older animals or puppies, giardia can lead to fatal diseases, so it should not be left untreated. If your pup needed treatment, they might seem better, but they will require extra tests. Giardia likes to linger sometimes so your vet will want to make sure it has resolved. They may recommend 2-3 fecal float tests 2-4 weeks post-treatment to ensure the treatment worked.9
As you can see, there are many options in the diagnosis and treatment of giardia. It may feel overwhelming so it is important to always discuss these options with your veterinarian to ensure you are making the most informed choice for your pet.
Prevention of Giardia
Giardia infections can never be avoided, but there are ways that you can help protect your pup!
- Always have access to fresh drinking water. Having fresh water on walks may prevent your dog from being tempted by puddles or water sources where giardia lives.
- General hygiene is important. As with any parasitic infection, cleaning up your dog's poop is essential. Giardia cysts will stick around if they are left outside and infect dogs as soon as they are in the environment. You will not only be helping your pup but any other dogs and people in the area.
- Limit exposure. Try to avoid areas where there is a lot of feces present on the ground.
- Probiotics! Probiotics may help prevent giardia from attaching to the gut wall as well as boost the immune system.
- Regular fecal testing can help you monitor for infections. MySimplePetLab offers convenient fecal tests that you can send from home and receive results quickly. Use code DIGLABS for 25% off!
If your dog is on a treatment protocol for giardia, we recommend bathing your dog on the last day to reduce the risk of re-infection. Bathing will remove any cysts that remain on their fur.
Can Humans get Giardia from Dogs?
Giardia can affect people. Although possible, the transfer rate from giardia in dogs to humans is rare.1 Usually, the type of giardia that affects people is A and B, whereas types C and D affect dogs. Yet, there is still a risk for people handling dog's stool when their dogs are affected. This is especially true for young children, the elderly, and immune-compromised individuals.
Even though the risk is low, washing your hands after picking up your dog's poop is always a good idea! Wearing gloves while gardening can also help prevent any chance of infection. Environmental hygiene is also important. For example, chlorine bleach and quaternary ammonium compounds can effectively kill giardia cysts in your home.
If you are worried your dog may have a parasite, check with your vet about the best next step. We also highly recommend using the DIG Labs Digestive Health Check app or the rapid intestinal parasite test to regularly monitor and track your dog’s poop!
Sources:
- Allen M. Schoen MS. World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress Proceedings, 2011. VIN.com. Published online March 30, 2015. https://www.vin.com/doc/?id=6698876
- Stafford K, Kollasch TM, Duncan KT, et al. Detection of gastrointestinal parasitism at recreational canine sites in the USA: the DOGPARCS study. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13(1):275. doi:10.1186/s13071-020-04147-6
- What You Need to Know About Giardia in Dogs – American Kennel Club. Accessed June 16, 2021. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/the-facts-you-need-to-know-about-giardia-in-dogs/
- Diagnosis of Internal Parasites | Today’s Veterinary Practice. Accessed June 16, 2021. https://todaysveterinarypractice.com/todays-technician-diagnosis-of-internal-parasites/
- Think metronidazole works? Maybe not so much. Veterinary Practice News. Published November 1, 2019. Accessed June 9, 2021. https://www.veterinarypracticenews.com/metronidazole-november-2019/
- Antibacterials in canine gastrointestinal disease. Accessed June 9, 2021. https://veterinary-practice.com/article/antibacterials-in-canine-gastrointestinal-disease
- Alazzaz J, Chaouch S, Boucard A-S, Bermudez-Humaran LG, Florent I. Probiotics as Anti-Giardia Defenders: Overview on Putative Control Mechanisms. In: Guillen N, ed. Eukaryome Impact on Human Intestine Homeostasis and Mucosal Immunology. Springer International Publishing; 2020:335-349. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44826-4_24
- Karen Becker. Inside Scoop: Dr. Becker’s Approach to Giardia in Pets.
- Home. Companion Animal Parasite Council. Accessed June 16, 2021. https://capcvet.org/
